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  <h1>Tips for data conversion</h1>

<h2 id="convert-autoconnectelements-value-to-actual-data-type">Convert AutoConnectElements value to actual data type<a class="headerlink" href="#convert-autoconnectelements-value-to-actual-data-type" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>The values in the AutoConnectElements field of the custom Web page are all typed as String. A sketch needs to be converted to an actual data type if the data type required for sketch processing is not a String type.</p>
<p>The AutoConnect library does not provide the data conversion utility, and its function depends on Arduino language functions or functions of the type class. However, commonly used data conversion methods are generally similar.</p>
<p>Here, represent examples the typical method for the data type conversion for the AutoConnectElements value of custom Web pages.</p>
<h3 id="integer"><i class="fa fa-exchange"></i> Integer<a class="headerlink" href="#integer" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Use <a href="https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/variables/conversion/intcast/">int()</a> or <a href="https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/variables/data-types/string/functions/toint/">toInt() of String</a>.</p>
<p><div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #f8f8f2">AutoConnectInput</span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> input </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> aux.getElement</span><span style="color: #f92672">&lt;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">AutoConnectInput</span><span style="color: #f92672">&gt;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">(</span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;INPUT&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">);</span>
<span style="color: #66d9ef">int</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> value </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> input.value.toInt();</span>
</code></pre></div>
You can shorten it and write as like:
<div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #66d9ef">int</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> value </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> aux[</span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;INPUT&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">].value.toInt();</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<h3 id="float"><i class="fa fa-exchange"></i> Float<a class="headerlink" href="#float" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>Use <a href="https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/variables/conversion/floatcast/">float()</a> or <a href="https://www.arduino.cc/reference/en/language/variables/data-types/string/functions/tofloat/">toFloat() of String</a>.</p>
<p><div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #f8f8f2">AutoConnectInput</span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> input </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> aux.getElement</span><span style="color: #f92672">&lt;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">AutoConnectInput</span><span style="color: #f92672">&gt;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">(</span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;INPUT&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">);</span>
<span style="color: #66d9ef">float</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> value </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> input.value.toFloat();</span>
</code></pre></div>
You can shorten it and write as like:
<div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #66d9ef">float</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> value </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> aux[</span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;INPUT&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">].value.toFloat();</span>
</code></pre></div></p>
<h3 id="date-time"><i class="fa fa-exchange"></i> Date &amp; Time<a class="headerlink" href="#date-time" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>The easiest way is to use the <a href="https://www.pjrc.com/teensy/td_libs_Time.html">Arduino Time Library</a>. Sketches must accommodate differences in date and time formats depending on the time zone. You can absorb the difference in DateTime format by using <code>sscanf</code> function.<sup id="fnref:1"><a class="footnote-ref" href="#fn:1">1</a></sup></p>
<div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #75715e">#include</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #75715e">&lt;TimeLib.h&gt;</span>

<span style="color: #66d9ef">time_t</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> tm;</span>
<span style="color: #66d9ef">int</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> Year, Month, Day, Hour, Minute, Second;</span>

<span style="color: #f8f8f2">AutoConnectInput</span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> input </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> aux.[</span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;INPUT&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">].as</span><span style="color: #f92672">&lt;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">AutoConnectInput</span><span style="color: #f92672">&gt;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">();</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">sscanf(input.value.c_str(), </span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;%d-%d-%d %d:%d:%d&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">, </span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">Year, </span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">Month, </span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">Day, </span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">Hour, </span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">Minute, </span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">Second);</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">tm.Year </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> CalendarYrToTm(Year);</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">tm.Month </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> Month;</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">tm.Day </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> Day;</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">tm.Hour </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> Hour;</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">tm.Minute </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> Minute;</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">tm.Second </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> Second;</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="ip-address"><i class="fa fa-exchange"></i> IP address<a class="headerlink" href="#ip-address" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<p>To convert a String to an IP address, use <strong>IPAddress::fromString</strong>. To stringize an instance of an IP address, use <strong>IPAddress::toString</strong>.</p>
<div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #f8f8f2">IPAddress ip;</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">AutoConnectInput</span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> input aux[</span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;INPUT&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">].as</span><span style="color: #f92672">&lt;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">AutoConnectInput</span><span style="color: #f92672">&gt;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">();</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">ip.fromString(input.value);</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">input.value </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> ip.toString();</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="validation-for-the-value">Validation for the value<a class="headerlink" href="#validation-for-the-value" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h2>
<p>To convert input data correctly from the string, it must match its format. The validation implementation with sketches depends on various perspectives. Usually, the tiny devices have no enough power for the lexical analysis completely. But you can reduce the burden for data verification using the <a href="achandling.html#check-data-against-on-submission"><strong>pattern</strong></a> of AutoConnectInput.</p>
<p>By giving a <a href="acelements.html#pattern">pattern</a> to <a href="apielements.html#pattern">AutoConnectInput</a>, you can find errors in data format while typing in custom Web pages. Specifying the input data rule as a <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Regular_Expressions">regular expression</a> will validate the type match during input. If there is an error in the format during input, the background color of the field will change to pink. Refer to section <a href="achandling.html#check-data-against-on-submission"><em>Handling the custom Web pages</em></a>.</p>
<p>However, input data will be transmitted even if the value does not match the pattern. Sketches require the validation of the received data. You can use the <a href="apielements.html#isvalid">AutoConnectInput::isValid</a> function to validate it. The isValid function validates whether the value member variable matches a pattern and returns true or false.</p>
<div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #75715e">#include</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #75715e">&lt;ESP8266WiFi.h&gt;</span>
<span style="color: #75715e">#include</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #75715e">&lt;ESP8266WebServer.h&gt;</span>
<span style="color: #75715e">#include</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #75715e">&lt;AutoConnect.h&gt;</span>

<span style="color: #66d9ef">static</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #66d9ef">const</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #66d9ef">char</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> input_page[] PROGMEM </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #e6db74">R&quot;raw(</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">[</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">  {</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;IP Address&quot;,</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">    &quot;uri&quot;: &quot;/&quot;,</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">    &quot;menu&quot;: true,</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">    &quot;element&quot;: [</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">      {</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">        &quot;name&quot;: &quot;ipaddress&quot;,</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;ACInput&quot;,</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">        &quot;label&quot;: &quot;IP Address&quot;,</span>
<span style="background-color: #49483e"><span style="color: #e6db74">        &quot;pattern&quot;: &quot;^(([0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9]{2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\\.){3}([0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9]{2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])$&quot;</span>
</span><span style="color: #e6db74">      },</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">      {</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">        &quot;name&quot;: &quot;send&quot;,</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;ACSubmit&quot;,</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">        &quot;value&quot;: &quot;SEND&quot;,</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">        &quot;uri&quot;: &quot;/check&quot;</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">      }</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">    ]</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">  },</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">  {</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">    &quot;title&quot;: &quot;IP Address&quot;,</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">    &quot;uri&quot;: &quot;/check&quot;,</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">    &quot;menu&quot;: false,</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">    &quot;element&quot;: [</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">      {</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">        &quot;name&quot;: &quot;result&quot;,</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">        &quot;type&quot;: &quot;ACText&quot;</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">      }</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">    ]</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">  }</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">]</span>
<span style="color: #e6db74">)raw&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">;</span>

<span style="color: #f8f8f2">AutoConnect portal;</span>

<span style="color: #f8f8f2">String </span><span style="color: #a6e22e">checkIPAddress</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">(AutoConnectAux</span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> aux, PageArgument</span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> args) {</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">  AutoConnectAux</span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">   input_page </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #f92672">*</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">portal.aux(</span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;/&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">);</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">  AutoConnectInput</span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> ipaddress </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> input_page[</span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;ipaddress&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">].as</span><span style="color: #f92672">&lt;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">AutoConnectInput</span><span style="color: #f92672">&gt;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">();</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">  AutoConnectText</span><span style="color: #f92672">&amp;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">  result </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> aux[</span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;result&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">].as</span><span style="color: #f92672">&lt;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">AutoConnectText</span><span style="color: #f92672">&gt;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">();</span>

<span style="background-color: #49483e"><span style="color: #f8f8f2">  </span><span style="color: #66d9ef">if</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> (ipaddress.isValid()) {</span>
</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">    result.value </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;IP Address &quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #f92672">+</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> ipaddress.value </span><span style="color: #f92672">+</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot; is OK.&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">;</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">    result.style </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">;</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">  }</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">  </span><span style="color: #66d9ef">else</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> {</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">    result.value </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;IP Address &quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #f92672">+</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> ipaddress.value </span><span style="color: #f92672">+</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot; error.&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">;</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">    result.style </span><span style="color: #f92672">=</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;color:red;&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">;</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">  }</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">  </span><span style="color: #66d9ef">return</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> String(</span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">);</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">}</span>

<span style="color: #66d9ef">void</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #a6e22e">setup</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">() {</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">  portal.load(input_page);</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">  portal.on(</span><span style="color: #e6db74">&quot;/check&quot;</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">, checkIPAddress);</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">  portal.begin();</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">}</span>

<span style="color: #66d9ef">void</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2"> </span><span style="color: #a6e22e">loop</span><span style="color: #f8f8f2">() {</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">  portal.handleClient();</span>
<span style="color: #f8f8f2">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="admonition caution">
<p class="admonition-title">Regular Expressions for JavaScript</p>
<p>Regular expressions specified in the AutoConnectInput pattern conforms to the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Regular_Expressions">JavaScript specification</a>.</p>
</div>
<p>Here, represent examples the typical regular expression for the input validation.</p>
<h3 id="url"><img src="images/regexp.png" align="top"> URL<a class="headerlink" href="#url" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #f8f8f2">^\w+([-+.]\w+)*@\w+([-.]\w+)*\.\w+([-.]\w+)*$</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="dns-hostname"><img src="images/regexp.png" align="top"> DNS hostname<a class="headerlink" href="#dns-hostname" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #f8f8f2">^(([a-zA-Z0-9]|[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9\-]*[a-zA-Z0-9])\.)*([A-Za-z0-9]|[A-Za-z0-9][A-Za-z0-9\-]*[A-Za-z0-9])$</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="email-address-2"><img src="images/regexp.png" align="top"> email address <sup id="fnref:2"><a class="footnote-ref" href="#fn:2">2</a></sup><a class="headerlink" href="#email-address-2" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #f8f8f2">^[a-zA-Z0-9.!</span><span style="color: #75715e">#$%&amp;&#39;*+\/=?^_`{|}~-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9-]+(?:\.[a-zA-Z0-9-]+)*$</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="ip-address_1"><img src="images/regexp.png" align="top"> IP Address<a class="headerlink" href="#ip-address_1" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #f8f8f2">^(([0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9]{2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])\\.){3}([0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|1[0-9]{2}|2[0-4][0-9]|25[0-5])$</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h3 id="date-as-mmddyyyy-3"><img src="images/regexp.png" align="top"> Date as MM/DD/YYYY <sup id="fnref:3"><a class="footnote-ref" href="#fn:3">3</a></sup><a class="headerlink" href="#date-as-mmddyyyy-3" title="Permanent link">&para;</a></h3>
<div class="highlight" style="background: #272822"><pre style="line-height: 125%;"><span></span><code><span style="color: #f8f8f2">^(0[1-9]|1[012])[-</span> <span style="color: #f8f8f2">\/.](0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])[-</span> <span style="color: #f8f8f2">\/.](19|20)\d\d$</span>
</code></pre></div>
<div class="admonition caution">
<p class="admonition-title">Contain with backquote</p>
<p>If that regular expression contains a backquote it must be escaped by backquote duplication.</p>
</div>
<div class="footnote">
<hr />
<ol>
<li id="fn:1">
<p>The ssanf library function cannot be used with the old Arduino core.&#160;<a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:1" title="Jump back to footnote 1 in the text">&#8617;</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:2">
<p>This regular expression does not fully support the format of the e-mail address requested in <a href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5322">RFC5322</a>.&#160;<a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:2" title="Jump back to footnote 2 in the text">&#8617;</a></p>
</li>
<li id="fn:3">
<p>This regular expression does not consider semantic constraints. It is not possible to detect errors that do not exist as actual dates.&#160;<a class="footnote-backref" href="#fnref:3" title="Jump back to footnote 3 in the text">&#8617;</a></p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>


  




                
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